REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS” CLAUSE IN INSURANCE POLICIES

“REASONABLE PRECAUTIONS” CLAUSE IN INSURANCE POLICIES

An increasing number of motor vehicle accident insurance claims are being rejected and disputed on the strength of the “reasonable precautions” clause in their policies, the Ombud for Short-Term Insurance (OSTI) said recently.

This clause, which is found in every short-term insurance policy, requires that the insured must use all reasonable care and take reasonable precautions to prevent or minimise loss, damage, death, injury or liability. A breach of the clause by the insured may warrant the rejection of a claim.

There are several reasons why an insurer may invoke this clause, but it is mainly relied on in cases where the insurer alleges that the insured was driving above the regulated speed limit.

Since most vehicle accidents involve negligence to a lesser or greater degree, an insurance policy may not exclude liability because the insured was negligent. The legal position is that the insurer must prove that the insured acted recklessly. In this context, speeding on its own does not necessarily mean that the insured was reckless. Rather, recklessness presupposes foreseeability on the part of the insured. For example, driving at 100km/h in wet conditions at night in a 60km/h zone, losing control around a bend and colliding with a tree would be considered to be reckless due to the foreseeability of an accident happening, yet still proceeding despite that knowledge.

To quote the OSTI : “The insurer must put forward a convincing argument on which to conclude that the driver foresaw the possibility of an accident and deliberately courted the danger, or alternatively, the driver simply did not care that the measures he/she took were inadequate and therefore recklessly reconciled himself/herself with the danger.”

Since it is unlikely that any driver will admit recklessness, the outcome may be determined by evidence based on the facts of the case. The insurer, which carries the burden of proving recklessness, may rely on evidence such as data downloaded from the vehicle’s on-board computer, vehicle tracking reports and experts in accident reconstruction.

In a recent case considered by OSTI, the insured contested the calculation of speed by the insurer’s expert but requested that the office decide on the issue of recklessness.

OSTI analysed the incident description and conditions under which the insured was driving.

“In his defence, the insured said that he was not familiar with the road; that visibility was poor because it was night-time; and the streetlights were not working. Photographs of the accident scene showed that the insured was driving in a built-up urban area towards a T-junction.

“The insured stated that he had not seen the intersection ahead. When another vehicle suddenly approached from his left-hand side, he had to take evasive action which caused him to lose control and collide with a tree.

“OSTI found that based on these observations alone, the insured should have exercised caution by regulating his speed to im

prove visibility and should have kept a proper lookout for obstacles on the road or a sudden emergency. In addition, the speed limit road sign (60km/h) was prominently placed some distance before the intersection. The insurer’s accident reconstruction expert calculated that the insured was travelling at 104km/h at the time.”

The ombud’s office concluded that, if the expert’s calculation of the speed was proved, the insured’s conduct would be considered reckless.

“As a matter of probability, the insured’s conduct was also found to be the cause of the accident because had he observed the regulated speed, he would have been in a better position to see the intersection, stop and safely execute the turn.”

As a result, the ombud found in favour of the insurer and the claim was rejected.

Although we have focussed on vehicle accidents, the reasonable precautions clause applies to any type of claim. For example, leaving the house unattended with an open-flame fire burning would probably result in a claim rejection should it burn down.